Alcances de la prohibición de reemplazo de trabajadores en huelga

44 p.Esta investigación titulada “Alcances de la prohibición de reemplazo de trabajadores en huelga” tiene por objeto analizar el Artículo 381 del Código del Trabajo, para dilucidar si la prohibición de reemplazo de trabajadores en huelga abarca también a trabajadores dependientes de la misma empresa, no adherentes a la huelga, que el empleador utiliza para que realicen las funciones de los trabajadores huelguistas, lo que en Doctrina es conocido como “Sustitución Interna”. Para ello, fue necesario realizar una investigación jurídico- dogmática, en la que se realizó un análisis de la doctrina Administrativa emanada de la Dirección del Trabajo, así como las diferentes tesis que plantea la jurisprudencia judicial a este respecto. A su vez se investigó la historia fidedigna de la ley, y Tratados Internacionales ratificados por Chile y vigentes./ABSTRACT:This investigation titled “Reaches of the prohibition scab workers” intends to analyze Article 381 of the labour Code, to explain if the prohibition includes dependent workers of the same company, nonadherents to the strike, that the employer uses so that they realize the functions of the strikers, which in Doctrine is known as “Internal Substitution”. For this porpuse, it was necessary to realize a dogmatic legal investigation, using an analysis of the Administrative doctrine of the Labour Direction, as well as the different thesis that raises from the judicial jurisprudence in this regard. The trustworthy history of the law was investigated as well, and International treaties ratified by Chile and effective

Antioxidant Activity Analysis for the Selection of Rosmarinus officinalis L

Rosmarinus officinalis L. presents a high genetic variability, which is reflected in the chemical composition of the different individuals, and consequently in its biological activity, including antioxidant capacity. The aim of the present research was to correlate the chemical composition of methanolic extracts of the dried leaves of eight rosemary accessions with their antioxidant activity for the selection of plants to optimize the use of rosemary. The eight samples examined, starting from a collection of more than 160 individuals selected by BOTANE Ltd, were cultivated at Illapel, north central Chile, using the same cultivation techniques. The free radical-scavenging capacity was tested by the ability of extracts to bleach the stable 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical (DPPH) and to inhibit superoxide anion (O2-) and hydroxyl radical (.OH) production. The metal chelating activity was estimated by the ferrozine assay. All extracts (1–8) contained high concentrations of carnosic acid, and to a minor extent rosmarinic acid, and exhibited antioxidant activity. However, extracts 7 and 8, containing 31.7 and 26.1% of carnosic acid, respectively, have shown a higher biological effect, confirming that the antioxidant activity of R. officinalis leaves is primarily related to this phenolic diterpene and suggesting that the measure of antioxidant activity could be considered a good method in the selection of this plant for its optimization. Interestingly, our experimental evidence also suggests that air pollution negatively influences the carnosic acid content. In fact, samples 3 and 4, with a low carnosic acid content, originated from a highly polluted metropolitan area of Santiago city

Effects of Zr on the amorphization of Cu-Ni-Zr alloys prepared by mechanical alloying

This work presents the effects of high energy milling with different Ni and Zr ratios on the amorphization of ternary Cu-Ni-Zr alloys (initially, Cu-43Ni-7Zr, Cu-12Ni-31Zr, Cu-33Ni-7Zr, and Cu-12Ni-23Zr; and later, Cu-23Ni-15Zr and Cu-11Ni-7Zr). Microstructure was determined using X-Ray diffraction and electron microscopy. Results were compared to thermodynamic models. In the ternary alloys under study, the lattice parameter of the Cu-Ni solid solution was generally correlated to the amounts of nickel incorporated into the Cu lattice. However, longer milling times reduced that lattice parameter and facilitated Zr insertion into the solid solution. For example, after 5 h of milling time, microstructural analysis showed the formation of a solid solution with cubic structure in Cu-43Ni-7Zr. This pattern is consistent with the presence of a lattice parameter between that of Cu and Ni (α−phase); in contrast, the Cu-33Ni-7Zr alloy showed an α-phase and another similar to Zr. Results suggest that, as the amount of nickel increases, the ability to form an amorphous phase decreases. Additionally, experimental and thermodynamic data showed a solid-solution formation stage, followed by an amorphous phase formation stage that occurred as milling time and Zr content increased.Fil: Martínez, Carola. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso; ChileFil: Aguilar, Claudio. Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa Maria; ChileFil: Briones, Francisco. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso; ChileFil: Guzmán, Danny. Universidad de Atacama; ChileFil: Zelaya, Maria Eugenia. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Investigación y Aplicaciones No Nucleares. Gerencia de Física (Centro Atómico Bariloche); Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; ArgentinaFil: Troncoso, Loreto. Universidad Austral de Chile; ChileFil: Rojas, Paula. Universidad Adolfo Ibañez; Chil

Cartografiar lo común: trabajo colaborativo e interdisciplinar para la resemantización territorial

Este artículo presenta la técnica de la cartografía social como un instrumento que propicia la aproximación de mundos a través del uso y eficacia del trabajo colaborativo interdisciplinar y la efectiva participación en ejercicios de diseño conjunto y diálogo de saberes. En particular, este documento muestra la metodología usada en el aprendizaje colectivo y de vinculación territorial con diferentes comunidades del centro sur de Chile: campesinas e indígenas, dedicadas a la viñatería, a la agroecología, a la recolección de productos silvestres, al turismo comunitario y a la pesca artesanal en ríos. Con ellas, se llevaron a cabo ejercicios para documentar, promover y amplificar sus prácticas de producción de alteridad económica y de creación y cuidado de sus comunes. Las cartografías desarrolladas no reflejan datos positivistas, exactos y objetivos, sino representaciones, imaginarios, sentimientos, desafíos, logros y aspiraciones de quienes habitan esos territorios y contribuyen a la resemantización de los mismos para la ampliación de los horizontes políticos. Se reflexiona también sobre la relevancia de trabajar sinérgicamente entre ciencia y comunidades en procesos de colaboración y aprendizaje mutuo

New Rhenium-Doped SrCo1−xRexO3−δ Perovskites Performing as Cathodes in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

In the aim to stabilize novel three-dimensional perovskite oxides based upon SrCoO3−δ, we have designed and prepared SrCo1−xRexO3−δ phases (x = 0.05 and 0.10), successfully avoiding the competitive hexagonal 2H polytypes. Their performance as cathode materials in intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFC) has been investigated. The characterization of these oxides included X-ray (XRD) and in situ temperature-dependent neutron powder diffraction (NPD) experiments for x = 0.10. At room temperature, SrCo1−xRexO3−δ perovskites are defined in the P4/mmm space group, which corresponds to a subtle tetragonal perovskite superstructure with unit-cell parameters a = b ≈ ao, c = 2ao (ao = 3.861 and 3.868 Å, for x = 0.05 and 0.10, respectively). The crystal structure evolves above 380 °C to a simple cubic perovskite unit cell, as observed from in-situ NPD data. The electrical conductivity gave maximum values of 43.5 S·cm−1 and 51.6 S·cm−1 for x = 0.05 and x = 0.10, respectively, at 850 °C. The area specific resistance (ASR) polarization resistance determined in symmetrical cells is as low as 0.087 Ω·cm2 and 0.065 Ω·cm2 for x = 0.05 and x = 0.10, respectively, at 850 °C. In single test cells these materials generated a maximum power of around 0.6 W/cm2 at 850 °C with pure H2 as a fuel, in an electrolyte-supported configuration with La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.83Mg0.17O3−δ (LSGM) as the electrolyte. Therefore, we propose the SrCo1−xRexO3−δ (x = 0.10 and 0.05) perovskite oxides as promising candidates for cathodes in IT-SOFC.We are grateful to the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity for granting the project MAT2013-41099-R, and ILL for making all facilities available for the neutron diffraction experiments. Loreto Troncoso thanks the financial support of CONICYT for “Becas de Postdoctorado en el Extranjero BECAS CHILE”. We acknowledge support by the CSIC Open Access Publication Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI)

Evaluation of Sr2MMoO6 (M=Mg, Mn) as anode materials in solid-oxide fuel cells: A neutron diffraction study

Sr2MMoO6 (M = Mg, Mn) double perovskites have recently been proposed as anode materials in solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFC). The evolution of their crystal structures has been followed by >in situ> temperature-dependent neutron powder diffraction from 25 °C room temperature (RT) to 930 °C by heating in ultrahigh vacuum (PO2 ≈ 10 -6 Torr) in order to simulate the reducing atmosphere corresponding to the working conditions of an anode in a SOFC. At RT, the samples are described as tetragonal (I4/m space group) and monoclinic (P21/n) for M = Mg, Mn, respectively. Sr2MgMoO6 undergoes a structural phase transition from tetragonal to cubic (Fm-3m) below 300 °C; Sr2MnMoO6 experiences two consecutive phase transitions to tetragonal (I4/m) and finally cubic (Fm-3m) at 600 °C and above. In the cubic phases, the absence of octahedral tilting accounts for a good overlap between the oxygen and transition-metal orbitals, resulting in a good electronic conductivity; a high mobility of the oxygen atoms is derived from the elevated displacement parameters, for instance 3.0 Å2 and 4.6 Å2 at 930 °C for M = Mg, Mn, respectively. Both factors contribute to the excellent performance described for these mixed ionic and electronic conductor oxides as anodes in single fuel cells. From dilatometric measurements, the thermal expansion coefficients (TEC) in the cubic region are 12.7 × 10-6 K-1 and 13.0 × 10-6 K-1 for M = Mg and Mn, respectively. These figures are comparable to those obtained from the mentioned structural analysis; moreover, the TECs for the cubic phases perfectly match those of the usual electrolytes in a SOFC. © 2013 American Institute of Physics.We acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación” (MICINN) to the project MAT2010-16404. L.T. thanks the financial support of CONICYT for “Beca Nacional de Doctorado 2009.”Peer Reviewe

New families of Mn+-doped SrCo1-xMxO3-δ perovskites performing as cathodes in solid-oxide fuel cells

We have investigated the effect of M = Ti and V doping on the crystal structure and on the thermal, electrical, and electrochemical properties of SrCoMO (x = 0.03 and 0.05) perovskite oxides performing as cathodes in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). The characterization of these materials included x-ray (XRD) and neutron powder diffraction (NPD) measurements. The introduction of Ti and V replacing Co in SrCoO leads to the stabilization of a tetragonal perovskite superstructure at room temperature with a = a, c = 2a (a≈ 3.9 Å) defined in the P4/mmm space group, containing two inequivalent Co positions. Flattened and elongated (Co,M)O octahedra alternate along the c axis sharing corners in a three-dimensional array (3C-like structure). The thermal expansion coefficients of SrCoTiO and SrCoVO have been measured between 25 and 850 °C. The electrical conductivity at the SOFCs working temperatures (650-850 °C) seems to be sufficient to yield a good performance in IT-SOFC; the polarization resistance in symmetrical cells is as low as 0.016 Ω cm at 850 °C for M = Ti. In single test cells these materials generated a maximum power of 824 mW/cm at 850 °C with pure H as a fuel. This good performance make these systems promising candidates as cathode materials in SOFC.We thank the financial support of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation to the project MAT2013-41099-R